Extrapolating Antibiotic Sales to Number of Treated Animals: Treatments in Pigs and Calves in Switzerland, 2011–2015
Identifieur interne : 000657 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000656; suivant : 000658Extrapolating Antibiotic Sales to Number of Treated Animals: Treatments in Pigs and Calves in Switzerland, 2011–2015
Auteurs : Rosa Stebler [Suisse] ; Luís P. Carmo [Suisse] ; Dagmar Heim [Suisse] ; Hanspeter Naegeli [Suisse] ; Klaus Eichler [Suisse] ; Cedric R. Muentener [Suisse]Source :
- Frontiers in Veterinary Science [ 2297-1769 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, the use of these substances has to be accurately monitored in each setting. Currently, various initiatives collect sales data of veterinary antimicrobials, thereby providing an overview of quantities on the market. However, sales data collected at the level of wholesalers or marketing authorization holders are of limited use to associate with the prevalence of bacterial resistances at species level. We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). For each authorized product, the number of potential therapies was derived from the sales at wholesaler's level and the ACD in mg per kg. For products registered for use in multiple species, a percentage of the sales was attributed to each authorized species according to their biomass distribution. We estimated a total of 5,914,349 therapies for pigs and 1,407,450 for calves in 2015. Using the number of slaughtered animals for that year as denominator, we calculated a treatment intensity of 2.15 therapies per pig and 5.96 per calf. Between 2011 and 2015, sales of veterinary antimicrobials decreased by 30%. The calculated number of potential therapies decreased by 30% for pigs and 15% for calves. An analysis of treatment intensity at antimicrobial class level showed a decrease of 64% for colistin used in pigs, and of 7% for macrolides used in both pigs and calves. Whereas the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins in calves decreased by 15.8%, usage of fluoroquinolones increased by 10.8% in the same period. Corresponding values for pigs were −16.4 and +0.7%. This is the first extrapolation of antimicrobial usage at product level for pigs and calves in Switzerland. It shows that calves were more frequently treated than pigs with a decreasing trend for both number of therapies and use of colistin, macrolides and cephalosporins 3rd and 4th generations. Nonetheless, we calculated an increase in the usage of fluoroquinolones. Altogether, this study's outcomes allow for trend analysis and can be used to assess the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance at the national level.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00318
PubMed: 31616676
PubMed Central: 6763737
Affiliations:
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Carmo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Vetsuisse, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern</institution>,<addr-line>Bern</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heim, Dagmar" sort="Heim, Dagmar" uniqKey="Heim D" first="Dagmar" last="Heim">Dagmar Heim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office</institution>,<addr-line>Bern</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naegeli, Hanspeter" sort="Naegeli, Hanspeter" uniqKey="Naegeli H" first="Hanspeter" last="Naegeli">Hanspeter Naegeli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich</institution>,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichler, Klaus" sort="Eichler, Klaus" uniqKey="Eichler K" first="Klaus" last="Eichler">Klaus Eichler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Winterthur Institute of Health Economics, Zurich University of Applied Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muentener, Cedric R" sort="Muentener, Cedric R" uniqKey="Muentener C" first="Cedric R." last="Muentener">Cedric R. Muentener</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich</institution>,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</title><idno type="eISSN">2297-1769</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>To evaluate the contribution of antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, the use of these substances has to be accurately monitored in each setting. Currently, various initiatives collect sales data of veterinary antimicrobials, thereby providing an overview of quantities on the market. However, sales data collected at the level of wholesalers or marketing authorization holders are of limited use to associate with the prevalence of bacterial resistances at species level. We converted sales data to the number of potential treatments of calves and pigs in Switzerland for the years 2011 to 2015 using animal course doses (ACD). For each authorized product, the number of potential therapies was derived from the sales at wholesaler's level and the ACD in mg per kg. For products registered for use in multiple species, a percentage of the sales was attributed to each authorized species according to their biomass distribution. We estimated a total of 5,914,349 therapies for pigs and 1,407,450 for calves in 2015. Using the number of slaughtered animals for that year as denominator, we calculated a treatment intensity of 2.15 therapies per pig and 5.96 per calf. Between 2011 and 2015, sales of veterinary antimicrobials decreased by 30%. The calculated number of potential therapies decreased by 30% for pigs and 15% for calves. An analysis of treatment intensity at antimicrobial class level showed a decrease of 64% for colistin used in pigs, and of 7% for macrolides used in both pigs and calves. Whereas the use of 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins in calves decreased by 15.8%, usage of fluoroquinolones increased by 10.8% in the same period. Corresponding values for pigs were −16.4 and +0.7%. This is the first extrapolation of antimicrobial usage at product level for pigs and calves in Switzerland. It shows that calves were more frequently treated than pigs with a decreasing trend for both number of therapies and use of colistin, macrolides and cephalosporins 3rd and 4th generations. Nonetheless, we calculated an increase in the usage of fluoroquinolones. Altogether, this study's outcomes allow for trend analysis and can be used to assess the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance at the national level.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Swann, Mm" uniqKey="Swann M">MM Swann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Gompel, L" uniqKey="Van Gompel L">L Van Gompel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luiken, Rec" uniqKey="Luiken R">REC Luiken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarrazin, S" uniqKey="Sarrazin S">S Sarrazin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munk, P" uniqKey="Munk P">P Munk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knudsen B, E" uniqKey="Knudsen B E">E Knudsen B</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Rb" uniqKey="Hansen R">RB 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uniqKey="Steiner A">A Steiner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meylan, M" uniqKey="Meylan M">M Meylan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muntener, Cr" uniqKey="Muntener C">CR Müntener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stebler, R" uniqKey="Stebler R">R Stebler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horisberger, U" uniqKey="Horisberger U">U Horisberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Althaus, Rf" uniqKey="Althaus R">RF Althaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gassner, B" uniqKey="Gassner B">B Gassner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Suisse</li></country></list><tree><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Stebler, Rosa" sort="Stebler, Rosa" uniqKey="Stebler R" first="Rosa" last="Stebler">Rosa Stebler</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Carmo, Luis P" sort="Carmo, Luis P" uniqKey="Carmo L" first="Luís P." last="Carmo">Luís P. Carmo</name><name sortKey="Eichler, Klaus" sort="Eichler, Klaus" uniqKey="Eichler K" first="Klaus" last="Eichler">Klaus Eichler</name><name sortKey="Heim, Dagmar" sort="Heim, Dagmar" uniqKey="Heim D" first="Dagmar" last="Heim">Dagmar Heim</name><name sortKey="Muentener, Cedric R" sort="Muentener, Cedric R" uniqKey="Muentener C" first="Cedric R." last="Muentener">Cedric R. Muentener</name><name sortKey="Naegeli, Hanspeter" sort="Naegeli, Hanspeter" uniqKey="Naegeli H" first="Hanspeter" last="Naegeli">Hanspeter Naegeli</name><name sortKey="Stebler, Rosa" sort="Stebler, Rosa" uniqKey="Stebler R" first="Rosa" last="Stebler">Rosa Stebler</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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